How is surface temperature accurately measured?

The method of measuring surface temperature involves using a thermometer that is shielded from direct sunlight. This approach ensures that the temperature readings are not affected by solar radiation, which can cause inaccurate readings. A thermometer directly exposed to sunlight can show artificially high temperatures due to the heat absorbed from the sun, rather than the true atmospheric temperature.

In contrast, a thermometer that is covered with a shield allows for ventilation while preventing direct solar heating, leading to a more accurate measurement of the air temperature at the surface. This technique is vital in meteorology to provide reliable data for weather forecasting and climate studies.

Other methods, such as placing a digital probe in the ground or using sensors on weather balloons, may serve specific purposes but are not standard practices for accurately gauging surface temperature in a consistent and effective manner.